Sulfide Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB) Role in Biofilter to Remove High Strength Hydrogen Sulfide From Biogas

Nimas M. S. Sunyoto^{1, 2}, Warin Rukruem³, Benjaphon Suraraksa⁴, and Pawinee Chaiprasert1

The removal of hydrogen sulfide in biogas is imperatively required as it lead the corrosion to the engines and pipe lines when it is used as biofuel (1). Biofilter was broadly used as an alternative on hydrogen sulfide removal. The common bacteria used in the H₂S removal including Thiobacillus sp., Beggiota sp., and  Pseudomonas sp (2). However, the utilization of mix culture seemed to be more favourable in the field application. This study investigated the role of Sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) to be used as converting agent in high strength H₂S removal. The study used three different particle sizes of packing material namely RHAB of  0.5-1.0 cm (RHAB type 1), 1.5-2.0 cm (RHAB type 2) and 2.0-3.5 cm (RHAB type 3). The operation was carried out in 5 litres working volume biofilter under controlled dissolved oxygen (DO) 0.5 mg.l^-1 and pH 7 and employed mix culture seed sludge taken from open pond of swine manure wastewater treatment. The synthetic hydrogen sulfide gas in high strength of H₂S (3,000 ppm) was fed in upflow direction at various flow rate.  H₂S loading rate (SLR) at 0.17 and 0.25 l.min^-1 was used at the 30 and 20 minutes of GRT resulting in H₂S loading rate of 8.18 and 12.27 g H₂S.m^-3.h^-1, respectively. The role of SOB in term of H₂S removal efficiency, bacterial activity and metabolic products produced under high strength of inlet H₂S was investigated. The average of removal efficiency of RHAB type 1, 2 and 3 was  in the  range of 97,8-99,6% at GRT 30 minutes and 91,3-94,8% at GRT 20 minutes. In addition, the study of bacterial activity showed that the avarage bacterial activity was 8.6-12.63 g Na₂S₂O₃.g VSS^-1.day^-1. Moreover it was found that the activity of SOB had converted the H₂S into S⁰ form up to 81,1%.

 

Keywords: H₂S removal, biogas, biofilter

 

References:

1. Fischer, M. E., et al., Biogas purification : H₂S removal using biofiltration. Waterloo University, Ontario, Canada, 1-138   (2010)
2. Pipatmanomai, S., et al., Economic assessment of biogas-to-electricity generation system with H₂S removal by activated carbon in small pig farm. Applied Energy, 86, 669–674 (2008)

 

*)This abstract was originally presented at 5th Young Scientist Seminar at Yamaguchi Seminar Park, Yamaguchi, Japan, November 22-23th 2011

Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Mangrove (Rhyzopora mucronata) and Its Antibacterial Activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

A. A. Prihanto, M. Firdaus and R. Nurdiani
Dept. Fishery Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Brawijaya University, Veteran street, Malang, Indonesia
Abstract: Disc diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of five endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove (Rhizopora mucronata) on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9144 andEscherichia coli ATCC 8739. Fungi were isolated from leaf, stem and root of R. mucronata. Potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth were used for fungi purification and fermentation. Fungal metabolites were extracted with methanol (1:1 v/v) for 24 h before vacuum evaporated to yield the crude extracts. Antimicrobial activity test was done according to the Kirby-Bauer test. The inhibition zone around each disc was considered to measure antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi. Only three endophytic fungi showed inhibition activity on S. aureus ATCC 9144 and two endophytic fungi showed inhibition on E. coli ATCC 8739. The results suggested that the extracts have a high potential for enteric diseases treatment caused by foodborne pathogen.

Key words: Antibacterial, endophytic fungi, mangrove, Rhyzopora mucronata.
link

PENAPISAN ANTIBAKTERI DAN FITOKIMIA EKSTRAK METANOL TANAMAN MANGROVE (Avicennia mucronata) DARI MUARA SUNGAI PORONG

Asep Awaludin Prihanto1*, Muhamad Firdaus1, Rahmi Nurdiani1

1Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Brawijaya

Jalan Veteran, Malang-65145

Abstrak

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan kemampuan aktivitas antibakteri dan kandungan fitokimia ekstrak metanol Avicennia mucronata. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar tuang dan uji fitokimia dengan analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol akar, batang, daging buah, kulit kayu, bunga dan daun Avicennia mucronata dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri gram positif (Staphylococcus aureus) dan gram negatif (Escherichia coli). Hasil fitokimia menunjukkan semua ekstrak dari akar, batang, kulit kayu, bunga dan daun Avicennia mucronata mengandung senyawa alkaloid, tanin dan flavonoid, serta buah juga mengandung steroid.

Kata kunci: Antibakteri, Avicennia mucronata, ekstrak metanol, fitokimia, metode difusi, rendemen, warna filtrat, zona hambat

Ayo Gabung

Bismillah,

Saya bermaksud mengumpulkan data para petani penjual bibit dan baglog jamur di masing-masing daerah, agar memudahkan bagi siapa saja yang ingin memulai usaha budidaya jamur.

Bagi pelaku usaha jamur yang ingin usahanya dipromosikan di blog http://oemahjamur.blogspot.com/, silahkan ketik:

Nama :……………
Alamat:……………
No Hp:……………
Keterangan:……… (situs kalo ada)

Contoh:

Nama: Supriyadi
Alamat: Desa Prambatan Lor RT.01 RW.03
Kecamatan Kaliwungu KUDUS
No Hp: 085226793739

Keterangan: Kami menjual baglog bibit jamur dan baglog siap tanam. Silahkan kunjungi (www.oemahjamur.blogspot.com)

Insya Alloh, saya akan masukkan dalam postingan khusus tentang dattar penjual bibit dan baglog jamur tiram.

Semoga membantu, terimakasih…

Engineered Bacteria Mop Up Mercury Spills

link: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110811201523.htm

ScienceDaily (Aug. 11, 2011) — Thousands of tons of toxic mercury are released into the environment every year. Much of this collects in sediment where it is converted into toxic methyl mercury, and enters the food chain ending up in the fish we eat. New research, published in BioMed Central’s open access journal BMC Biotechnology, showcases genetically engineered bacteria which are not only able to withstand high levels of mercury but are also able to mop up mercury from their surroundings.

These mercury-resistant bacteria, developed by researchers from Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamon Campus, contained either the mouse gene for metallothionein or the bacterial gene for polyphosphate kinase. Both strains of bacteria were able to grow in very high concentrations (120µM) of mercury, and when the bacteria containing metallothionein were grown in a solution containing 24 times the dose of mercury which would kill non-resistant bacteria, they were able to remove more than 80% of it from the solution in five days.

Dr Ruiz who led the research said, “The inclusion of heavy metal scavenging molecules in bacteria provides a viable technology for mercury bioremediation. This method not only would allow us to clean up mercury spills from the environment but the high accumulation of mercury within the transgenic bacteria also provides the possibility of recycling it for further industrial applications.”

BOLU GULUNG TAPE KEJU

sumber: http://menumasakan.com/1045/bolu-gulung-tape-keju/
(selingan biar tidak serius terus… ini nikmat kok)

Bahan cake :

85 gram tepung terigu protein rendah

20 gram gula pasir halus

60 gram minyak goreng

75 gram tape singkong

30 gram santan kental instan

25 ml air

2 tetes pewarna kuning tua

4 kuning telur

4 putih telur

1/2 sendok teh garam

1/2 sendok teh cream of tartar

60 gram gula pasir

Bahan isi:

50 gram buttercream

75 gram keju parut

Bahan topping ;

100 gram buttercream

75 gram keju parut

Cara membuat :

Cake : blender halus tape singkong, santan , dan air. Sisihkan.
Aduk rata minyak goreng, campuran tape singkong dan pewarna kuning tua. Aduk rata.
Campur tepung terigu yang sudah diayak dan gula pasir halus. Aduk rata.
Tuang campuran minyak sedikit-sedikit ke campuran tepung terigu sambil diaduk rata. Tambahkan kuning telur. Aduk rata. sisihkan.
Kocok putih telur, garam dan cream of tartar sampai setengah mengembang. Tambahkan gula pasir sedikit-sedikit sambil dikocok sampai mengembang.
Tuang sedikit-sedikit ke campuran tepung terigu sambil diaduk perlahan.
Tuang di loyang 30x25x3 cm yang dialas kertas roti tanpa dioles margarin.
Oven 25 menit dengan suhu 180 derajat Celcius sampai matang.
Oles tipis dengan buttercream. Tabur salah satu sisinya dengan keju parut. gulung dan padatkan.
Semprot atasnya dengan buttercream dan hias dengan keju parut.
Untuk 12 potong

Bordetella pertussis

Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is non-motile. There does not appear to be a zoonotic reservoir for B. pertussis—humans are its only host. The bacterium is spread by coughing and by nasal dripping. The incubation period is 7–14 days.

Pertussis (or whooping cough) is an infection of the respiratory system and characterized by a “whooping” sound when the person breathes in. In the US it killed 5,000 to 10,000 people per year before a vaccine was available. Worldwide in 2000, according to the WHO, around 39 million people were infected annually and about 297,000 died. Bordetella pertussis infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. The bacterium contains a surface protein, filamentous hemagglutinin, which binds to sulfatides that are found on cilia of epithelial cells. Once anchored, the bacterium produces tracheal cytotoxin, which stops the cilia from beating. This prevents the cilia from clearing debris from the lungs, so the body responds by sending the host into a coughing fit. These coughs expel some bacteria into the air, which are free to infect other hosts. Bordetella pertussis has the ability to inhibit the function of the host’s immune system. Two toxins, known as the pertussis toxin (or PTx) and adenylate cyclase (CyaA), are responsible for this inhibition. CyaA converts ATP to cyclic AMP, and PTx inhibits an intracellular protein that regulates this process. The end result is that phagocytes convert too much ATP to cyclic AMP, which can cause disturbances in cellular signaling mechanisms, and prevent phagocytes from correctly responding to an infection.

Difteri

Nur Hidayat

Difteri adalah racun yang disebabkan oleh strain dari bakteri Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Eksotoksin dihasilkan bila bakteri terinfeksi oleh bakteriofag yang membawa gen penghasilkan racun (gen tox). Hanya strain racun yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit parah. ( Jarang penyakit difteri-seperti ini disebabkan oleh strain racun dari C. ulcerans atau C. pseudotuberculosis) C. diphtheriae memiliki tiga biotipe: gravis, intermedius, dan mitis.

Biotipe gravis dikaitkan dengan penyakit yang paling parah, namun beberapa strain mungkin toksigenik. SEMUA isolat klinis dari C. diphtheriae harus diuji untuk toxigenicity. Strain nontoksikogenik dapat menyebabkan sakit tenggorokan dan infeksi invasif lainnya, dan telah dikaitkan dengan kejadian endokarditis.

Difteri adalah penyakit saluran pernapasan atas penyakit yang ditandai dengan sakit tenggorokan, demam, dan pseudomembran amandel, faring, dan / atau hidung. Penyakit ini dapat melibatkan hampir semua selaput lendir. Untuk tujuan klinis, difteri dapat diklasifikasikan menurut status infeksi:

1. Difteri hidung anterior
2. Difteri faring dan tonsil
3. Difteri laring
4. Difteri kulit

Difteri ditularkan dari orang ke orang melalui droplet pernapasan atau melalui kontak dengan cairan dari lesi kulit.  Orang yang tidak diobati umumnya menyebarkan bakteri dari saluran pernafasan atau dari lesi kulit selama 2-4 minggu setelah infeksi.

Andalan pengobatan untuk difteri adalah antitoksin difteri. Jika difteri diduga kuat berdasarkan temuan klinis, spesimen bakteriologis untuk pengujian harus dikumpulkan dan kemudian antitoksin harus segera diberikan tanpa menunggu hasil.

Imunisasi dengan toxoid difteri menghasilkan kekebalan yang berkepanjangan tapi tidak seumur hidup.

Nitrogen metabolism in haloarchaea

María José Bonete, et, al.

Abstract

The nitrogen cycle (N-cycle), principally supported by prokaryotes, involves different redox reactions mainly focused on assimilatory purposes or respiratory processes for energy conservation. As the N-cycle has important environmental implications, this biogeochemical cycle has become a major research topic during the last few years. However, although N-cycle metabolic pathways have been studied extensively in Bacteria or Eukarya, relatively little is known in the
Archaea. Halophilic Archaea are the predominant microorganisms in hot and hypersaline environments such as salted lakes, hot springs or salted ponds. Consequently, the denitrifying haloarchaea that sustain the nitrogen cycle under these conditions have emerged as an important target for research aimed at understanding microbial life in these extreme environments.
The haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei was isolated 20 years ago from Santa Pola salted ponds (Alicante, Spain). It was described as a denitrifier and it is also able to grow using NO3-, NO2- or NH4+ as inorganic nitrogen sources. This review summarizes the advances that have been made in understanding the N-cycle in halophilic archaea using Hfx mediterranei as a haloarchaeal model. The results obtained show that this microorganism could be very attractive for bioremediation applications in those areas where high salt, nitrate and nitrite concentrations are found in ground
waters and soils.

This article is available from: http://www.salinesystems.org/content/4/1/9

 

Populasi Bakteri Rhizobium di Tanah pada beberapa Tanaman dari Pulau Buton, Kabupaten Muna, Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara

Sri Purwaningsih

Bidang Mikrobiologi, Puslit Biologi-LIPI, Bogor, Jl. Juanda 18, Bogor 16123.
J. Tanah Trop., Vol. 14, No. 1, 2009: 65-70.

Pulau Buton merupakan salah satu pulau kecil yang termasuk dalam wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara, yang memiliki nilai keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi, terutama keanekaragaman hewan, tumbuhan dan mikroba. Usaha penggalian sumber daya hayati tersebut belum banyak dilakukan, baik flora, fauna maupun mikrobanya. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan eksplorasi mengenai potensi biota, terutama yang berhubungan dengan kesuburan tanah, salah satunya adalah mikroba tanah (bakteri tanah).

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui populasi bakteri Rhizobium , dan untuk mendapatkan isolat murni sebagai kultur murni (“Culture collection”) serta mengetahui sifat fisiologisnya, yang nantinya dapat dikembangkan sebagai sumber plasma nutfah mikroba penyubur tanah

Kesimpulan: jumlah bakteri Rhizobium, pada daerah perakaran tanaman lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan sampel yang tidak ada tanaman (tanpa tanaman). Jumlah bakteri Rhizobium berkisar antara 7 – 115 × 10^5 CFU g-1 tanah, dan jumlah tertinggi pada perakaran tanaman ubi jalar (Ipomea batatas). Didapatkan 40 isolat murni, 35 isolat termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuh cepat, dan 14 isolat lainnya termasuk dalam kelompok tumbuh lambat.